Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

1) Link to the Actual Opinion
Read the U.S. Reports opinion (PDF)

2) Summary of the Opinion
Georgia passed laws requiring non-Native Americans to obtain a state license before living on Cherokee land. Samuel Worcester, a missionary, refused and was convicted. The Supreme Court overturned his conviction, holding that only the federal government—not the states—had authority in Indian affairs.

3) Why It Mattered
This case affirmed tribal sovereignty and the federal government’s exclusive role in regulating relations with Native nations. It directly challenged Georgia’s attempt to extend its authority into Cherokee territory.

4) What It Provided or Took Away

• Provided: Recognition of Native nations as distinct political communities under federal protection.
• Took Away: States’ ability to unilaterally impose their laws on tribal lands.

5) Overreach or Proper Role?
The decision was faithful to constitutional principles and treaties. However, President Andrew Jackson and Georgia ignored it, exposing the limits of judicial enforcement.

6) Plain-English Impact Today
Tribal sovereignty is a bedrock principle: states generally cannot interfere in tribal self-governance. This remains central in modern disputes over tribal lands, resources, and jurisdiction.

• Tribal Sovereignty
• Federal Supremacy
• State Power